What is public space and why does it need protecting?

Public space is all around us, from bustling town and city squares to the iconic beaches and wide-open national parks on our doorsteps. In its more mundane forms – such as roads, footpaths, or cycle ways – it’s critical in getting us from A to B.

But the line between what is considered true public space and what is publicly accessible private space is often blurred.

For example, we can enjoy the outdoor plazas of privately owned shopping centres – provided we follow the rules, dress appropriately and consume.

But no protests or large gatherings would be tolerated in such plazas whereas these activities are a common use of our public spaces.

These privately owned public spaces (POPS) are on the increase (New York encourages these spaces and even has a map of them).

So we need to be clear what we mean by public spaces and protect them, where possible.

The ‘public’ private spaces in our cities

Our cities are complex mixes of public and private property. Consider the short walk from Brisbane’s CBD to South Bank to illustrate this patchwork.

We can walk on footpaths, cross roads, bisect the square at Queens Gardens and finally cross the river at the Goodwill Bridge, all on public property, and all the while skirting private boundaries.

We then arrive at South Bank, with its hybrid mix of open swimming pool, parklands, public institutions and private retail, food outlets and busy markets.

South Bank in Brisbane is always busy on market days. Flickr/Pat Scullion, CC BY-NC-ND

This green, subtropical space is actually owned by the South Bank Corporation, a statutory entity given powers similar to those of a private owner.

Under the South Bank Corporation Act 1989, public land was transferred to the corporation, which has the powers of a private owner to exclude or even remove people from the area if they are deemed a nuisance.

Mostly, it’s an inclusive sort of owner – provided we don’t cause disturbance. But South Bank exemplifies this public-private overlap and the spatial ambiguity this engenders.

Cross the boundaries

This public-private meander is replicated in cities across the globe. They highlight the blurred and porous boundaries that demarcate public and private property.

We navigate these boundaries surprisingly well, alert to the subtle and not-so-subtle lines of property.

For example, high fences, no trespassing signs, or strategic CCTV cameras tell us “keep out”, versus the marked footpaths, well-trodden grassy shortcuts, or stiles that say it’s okay to enter.

In the UK a stile often points the way people can gain access to cross private land. Flickr/Gilda, CC BY-SA

In England, books are published that help ramblers (hikers and walkers) spot what they can access. Guides to the subtle signs of rural landscapes help citizens legitimately enjoy their rights to roam the countryside and coastal margin – public property rights that often exist over private land.

In the United States, the public trust doctrine" protects inherently public property“.

In New Zealand, what’s called the Queen’s Chain is said to protect access to the beach and other waterways, although it’s not always that clear.

In Australia, access to the beach – in status both public space and public property – is a given, but little explored. For example, access to the beach can be impaired where private owners of foreshore make it difficult.

There is much law on beaches in the United States, but little in Australia. This issue has been a confused area of law for many since Roman times.

Sometimes we resolutely defend our threatened public property. In San Francisco, a trial to allow people to pay a fee to reserve exclusive sections of grass at the city’s Dolores Park was short-lived after a public outcry.

People enjoying the free public space at San Francisco’s Dolores Park. Flickr/Lucy Orloski, CC BY

Along the California coast, citizens challenged billionaires denying public access to beaches.

Yet, at other times, we are inconsistent in the lines we draw or, worse, the lines we don’t draw at all.

Such inconsistency means the public estate is mostly in retreat. It has been for centuries, marginalised since the enclosure period in Europe when large swathes of common lands were privatised.

Private public spaces

This enclosure is ongoing with the so-called privately owned public spaces that masquerade as something they’re not. A good example is the "public” plazas of office buildings, where we grab a quick lunch. They’re privately owned and not true public spaces at all.

In better appreciating the publicness of public property we can better grasp what’s at stake, the importance of public property to the social and democratic fabric.

Public lands are the forums where we sociably mix with strangers. They serve a public purpose and define public values. They are the conduits that connect us, that permit us to pass and re-pass.

Importantly, public property is where we go to protest and defend the public square, whether in the camps of Occupy Wall Street in New York, the streets of Hong Kong, or the public forests of Tasmania, part of what the Australian High Court calls our “public forest estate”.

That’s why I believe we need to pay more attention to what are our public spaces, how they’re defined and the need to defend them where necessary. Public-private spaces may have their uses, but they’re not the same as true public space.

That’s no public space: the private owners of your local shopping centre only allow you access to the food court if you obey their rules. Flickr/John, CC BY-SA