A 2025 assessment by Hatem Bazian, a senior lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley, maps Islamophobia across six connected zones to examine how anti-Muslim hostility can persist beyond isolated episodes.
Published as an opinion essay by Anadolu Agency on Nov. 6, the piece includes state policy, media and online platforms in its account of the forces surrounding individual incidents. Bazian argues that examining those conditions can provide a fuller understanding of anti-Muslim hostility.
The article says its opinions are Bazian’s and do not necessarily reflect Anadolu Agency’s editorial policy.
