The business sector accounted for 65% of Türkiye’s research and development expenditure in 2025, as the overall R&D share of gross domestic product rose to 1.55%, Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) data showed.
Gross R&D expenditure totaled 980.4 billion liras, an increase of 328.6 billion liras from the previous year. Its share of GDP rose from 1.46% in 2024.
Financial and nonfinancial corporations carried out 65% of the spending. Higher education institutions accounted for 30.3%, while general government and nonprofit organizations made up 4.7%, according to TurkStat’s 2025 Research and Development Activities Survey.
The survey counted 317,982 R&D personnel on a full-time-equivalent basis. Women represented 34.1% of all R&D personnel and 48.1% of R&D personnel in higher education.
