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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin expects the Hegota upgrade planned for 2027 to become the network’s final conventional hard fork before Ethereum shifts toward advanced cryptography, quantum-resistant technology and proof-based verification.
Buterin outlined his vision in a September 27 blog post comparing Ethereum’s development from 2015 through 2030 with the original Bitcoin whitepaper. Referring to Ethereum’s long-term Strawmap roadmap, he said Hegota could be the last upgrade featuring technology that developers from Ethereum’s early years would readily recognize.
After Hegota, Ethereum’s roadmap is expected to increasingly rely on recursive STARKs, cryptographic proofs designed to improve scalability and verification. Other priorities include automated formal verification, optimized consensus mechanisms and quantum-safe security.
Hegota remains in the early planning stage. Ethereum.org currently lists Fork-Choice Enforced Inclusion Lists (FOCIL) and frame transactions among its planned features. FOCIL allows validator committees to propose transaction lists that block builders must include, while frame transactions could enable accounts to use customized verification logic and quantum-resistant signatures.
Buterin’s longer-term Ethereum roadmap envisions major changes to how the blockchain operates by 2030. Instead of nodes downloading and re-executing every block, nodes could verify cryptographic proofs while relying on Peer Data Availability Sampling, or PeerDAS.
The changes could also significantly improve Ethereum transaction speed and finality. Buterin is targeting block slots of roughly four to eight seconds and finality within eight to 32 seconds. Ethereum in 2015, by comparison, required around 200 seconds to reach 12 confirmations.
Challenges remain, particularly around making zero-knowledge proofs efficient and secure and handling access to Ethereum’s expanding state. Buterin noted that artificial intelligence tools are already helping optimize some cryptographic systems.
Before Hegota arrives, Ethereum must complete the Glamsterdam upgrade. Its Sepolia testnet fork is scheduled for October 6, while Ethereum.org currently targets a mainnet launch in the fourth quarter of 2026 without specifying an exact date.
