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This week, markets gathered at Jackson Hole with one query: will Jerome Powell use his last keynote on Friday to set rate cuts? Political and market pressure for help is great, given rising inflation still above target and unemployment edging to 4.3%. Investors believe Powell's remarks to be the final sign that the period of strong tightening is drawing to an end. Futures markets now give an 80–99 percent chance of a September cut.
The theme of the 2025 conference, "Labor Markets in Transition: Demographics, Productivity, and Macroeconomic Policy," prepares the groundwork. Among others, closed-door sessions with global central-bank leaders Christine Lagarde, Kazuo Ueda, and Andrew Bailey are examining how slower hiring, changing productivity, and aging workforces are changing policy decisions. Against that backdrop, the Fed has to strike a balance between a softening labor market and persistently above target inflation, even if moderating.
Historical evidence suggests that Jackson Hole rhetoric can have a significant impact on financial markets; the dovish tone last year sparked a rally. A risk-asset surge could follow Powell if he confirms expectations for immediate easing. On the other hand, a data-dependent or prudent position could disappoint and set off sell-offs. Investors will analyze every phrase for hints on the Fed's tolerance for persistent inflation, the timing of rate cuts, and its readiness to change swiftly should labor conditions worsen more.
